{"id":1018,"date":"2016-02-24T12:52:53","date_gmt":"2016-02-24T09:52:53","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2016-02-24T12:52:53","modified_gmt":"2016-02-24T09:52:53","slug":"","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/?p=1018","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

\"\" <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 <\/span><\/strong>\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 23 \/ 2 \/ 2016 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f ,\u0639\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0629 :<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0630\u0628\u0629
\"\"
<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644 :<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0623 . \u062f .<\/span><\/strong> <\/span><\/strong>\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0648\u062f<\/span><\/strong>      <\/span><\/strong>\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627\u064b<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0631 . \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/strong> <\/span><\/strong>\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a<\/span><\/strong>     <\/span><\/strong>\u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627\u064b<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0623. \u0645 . \u062f .<\/span><\/strong>    <\/span><\/strong>\u062d\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/span><\/strong>           <\/span><\/strong>\u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627\u064b<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/strong>\u0645 . \u062f .<\/span><\/strong>      <\/span><\/strong>\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645   <\/span><\/strong>     <\/span><\/strong>\u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641\u0627\u064b
\"\"
<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d .<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/strong> Karyotype (<\/span><\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645\u064a) \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633<\/span><\/strong> Sex determination system <\/span><\/strong>\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0630\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0633\u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642<\/span><\/strong> Mystus pelusius (Solander in Russell, 1794) <\/span><\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629<\/span><\/strong> Bagridae <\/span><\/strong>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u0639 (20) \u0633\u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 (10) \u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0648(10) \u0625\u0646\u0627\u062b \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/strong> (Air-drying technique).<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0627\u062b \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645\u064a \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a 2<\/span><\/strong>n=32 <\/span><\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 2<\/span><\/strong>n=( 6m+13sm+7st+6t) <\/span><\/strong>\u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0631\u0639<\/span><\/strong> FN=51 <\/span><\/strong>\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0627\u062b \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 2<\/span><\/strong>n=(6m+12sm+8st+6t) <\/span><\/strong>\u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0630\u0631\u0639<\/span><\/strong> FN=50<\/span><\/strong>\u060c \u0648 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0631<\/span><\/strong> Submetacentric (sm) <\/span><\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0631\u0639<\/span><\/strong> Biarmed.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0634\u0627\u062c<\/span><\/strong> Heterogamety <\/span><\/strong>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062b\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0634\u0627\u062c<\/span><\/strong> Homogamety<\/span><\/strong>\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633<\/span><\/strong> (XX\/XY)<\/span><\/strong>\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645<\/span><\/strong> (X) <\/span><\/strong>\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0631<\/span><\/strong> (sm) <\/span><\/strong>\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645<\/span><\/strong> (Y) <\/span><\/strong>\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0631<\/span><\/strong> Subtelocentric (st) <\/span><\/strong>\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645<\/span><\/strong>.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0632\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u0632\u0627 <\/span><\/strong>Giemsa-banding technique (G-banding<\/span><\/strong>) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 <\/span><\/strong>Guanine (G<\/span><\/strong>) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0646 <\/span><\/strong>Cytosine (C<\/span><\/strong>) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0632\u0645 <\/span><\/strong>G<\/span><\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0629 (<\/span><\/strong>G-light<\/span><\/strong>) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0646 <\/span><\/strong>Adenine (A<\/span><\/strong>) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 <\/span><\/strong>Thymine (T<\/span><\/strong>) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0645 <\/span><\/strong>G<\/span><\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0629 (<\/span><\/strong>G-dark<\/span><\/strong>) \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062f\u062a \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 <\/span><\/strong>Sister chromosomes<\/span><\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0627\u062b \u0633\u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 <\/span><\/strong>Sex chromosomes<\/span><\/strong>\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0640\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0643\u0640\u0640\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0640\u0640\u0632\u0645 <\/span><\/strong>G<\/span><\/strong> \u0641\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0627\u062a\u0640\u0640\u062d\u0640\u0640\u0629 (<\/span><\/strong>G-light<\/span><\/strong>)\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 <\/span><\/strong>Autosomes pairs<\/span><\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0631\u0639 <\/span><\/strong>Uniarmed<\/span><\/strong> \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0631 <\/span><\/strong>Telocentric (t<\/span><\/strong>) \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0631 (<\/span><\/strong>st<\/span><\/strong>) \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0632\u0645 (<\/span><\/strong>G-light<\/span><\/strong>)\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0631\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0631 <\/span><\/strong>Metacentric (m<\/span><\/strong>) \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0631 (<\/span><\/strong>sm<\/span><\/strong>) \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0630\u0631\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0631\u0639 \u0647\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0632\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0629 (<\/span><\/strong>G-dark<\/span><\/strong>). \u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0645 (<\/span><\/strong>G-banding<\/span><\/strong>) \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0628\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0628\u064a\u063a \u0628\u062c\u0645\u0632\u0627 <\/span><\/strong>Giemsa staining method<\/span><\/strong>) \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0642 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0634\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645 (<\/span><\/strong>X<\/span><\/strong>) \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0631 (<\/span><\/strong>sm<\/span><\/strong>) \u0645\u062a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0645 (<\/span><\/strong>G-light<\/span><\/strong>) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 <\/span><\/strong>Short arm<\/span><\/strong> \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645 (<\/span><\/strong>Y<\/span><\/strong>) \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0631 (<\/span><\/strong>st<\/span><\/strong>) \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u062d\u0632\u0645 (<\/span><\/strong>G-light<\/span><\/strong>)\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0638 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0627\u062b \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0632\u0648\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0631 (<\/span><\/strong>sm<\/span><\/strong>) \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0632\u0645 (<\/span><\/strong>G-light<\/span><\/strong>) \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 (<\/span><\/strong>XX<\/span><\/strong>)\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0627\u062b \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0634\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0634\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 (<\/span><\/strong>XX\/XY<\/span><\/strong>).<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u062a\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642….<\/i>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":25,"featured_media":16024,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1018","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-7"],"modified_by":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1018","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/25"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1018"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1018\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/16024"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1018"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1018"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1018"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}