{"id":1316,"date":"2016-10-05T10:21:46","date_gmt":"2016-10-05T07:21:46","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2016-10-05T10:21:46","modified_gmt":"2016-10-05T07:21:46","slug":"","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/?p=1316","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0631\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0629 <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0627\u0621  \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 4 \/ 10 \/ 2016 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n

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\u0623.\u0645.\u062f.  \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064a                   \u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0623.\u0645.\u062f.    \u0638\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u062c\u064a\u0644                   \u0639\u0636\u0648   <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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 <\/span><\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u064a\u0641\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a) \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a (001) \u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645  \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 (<\/span><\/strong>FT-IR<\/span><\/strong>) \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 (<\/span><\/strong>X-RD<\/span><\/strong>)\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629(<\/span><\/strong>AFM<\/span><\/strong>)  \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a (<\/span><\/strong>SEM<\/span><\/strong>)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a (001) \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0632\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0646 <\/span><\/strong>Tetrahedral<\/span><\/strong>  \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0648<\/span><\/strong>Octahedral<\/span><\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0635\u0628\u063a\u0629 (<\/span><\/strong>MG<\/span><\/strong>) \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 (293\u060c298\u060c303\u060c308\u060c313 <\/span><\/strong>K<\/span><\/strong>) \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0631\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629  \u0648\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 (<\/span><\/strong>MG<\/span><\/strong>) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a  (30 <\/span><\/strong>min<\/span><\/strong>\u2061<\/span><\/strong>)\u0639\u0646\u062f (293\u060c303\u060c313 <\/span><\/strong>K<\/span><\/strong>)  \u0648(45 <\/span><\/strong>min<\/span><\/strong>) \u0639\u0646\u062f (298\u060c308 <\/span><\/strong>K<\/span><\/strong>) \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 ( <\/span><\/strong>min120<\/span><\/strong>\u060c<\/span><\/strong>60<\/span><\/strong>\u060c<\/span><\/strong>50<\/span><\/strong>\u060c<\/span><\/strong>45<\/span><\/strong>\u060c<\/span><\/strong>60<\/span><\/strong> ) \u0639\u0646\u062f  <\/span><\/strong>K) 298<\/span><\/strong>\u060c<\/span><\/strong>303<\/span><\/strong>\u060c<\/span><\/strong>308<\/span><\/strong>\u060c<\/span><\/strong>313<\/span><\/strong>\u060c<\/span><\/strong>293<\/span><\/strong>) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0631\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646) \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0627 \u0627\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0628\u0630\u0628 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0629 <\/span><\/strong>\u3016<\/span><\/strong>(<\/span><\/strong>Q<\/span><\/strong>\u3017<\/span><\/strong>_e<\/span><\/strong>) \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644. \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0646 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0633\u0631\u0639). \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645  (<\/span><\/strong>Q_e<\/span><\/strong>)  \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 (<\/span><\/strong>Ea<\/span><\/strong>) \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f(<\/span><\/strong>A<\/span><\/strong>)  \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 (<\/span><\/strong>MG<\/span><\/strong>) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u063a\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0623\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f (<\/span><\/strong>A<\/span><\/strong>) \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u064a\u0632\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 (<\/span><\/strong>MG<\/span><\/strong>) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 <\/span><\/strong>Giles<\/span><\/strong> \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 <\/span><\/strong>L_4<\/span><\/strong> \u0639\u062f\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 313<\/span><\/strong>K<\/span><\/strong>  \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646  <\/span><\/strong>L_3<\/span><\/strong>\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 <\/span><\/strong>L_4<\/span><\/strong>  \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0632\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0627\u0630 \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0634 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644. <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 (\u2206<\/span><\/strong>H<\/span><\/strong>\u060c<\/span><\/strong>\u2206G<\/span><\/strong>\u060c<\/span><\/strong>\u2206S<\/span><\/strong>) \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0648\u0647\u064a:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629) \u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0646 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u064a\u0635\u0641 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646) \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0646\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631(<\/span><\/strong>Henry<\/span><\/strong>) \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632) \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u062b\u0631\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0639.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0630 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a  (\u2206<\/span><\/strong>H<\/span><\/strong>)\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 (<\/span><\/strong>Endothermic<\/span><\/strong>) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0633 <\/span><\/strong>Heterogeneous<\/span><\/strong> \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u062d\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 <\/span><\/strong>Henry<\/span><\/strong> \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0634\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0637\u064a\u0626\u0629.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a (\u2206<\/span><\/strong>S<\/span><\/strong>) \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0630\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0629 (<\/span><\/strong>MG<\/span><\/strong>) \u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0630\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0643\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a (<\/span><\/strong>MG<\/span><\/strong>) \u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c <\/span><\/strong>Henry<\/span><\/strong>  \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644. \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a (<\/span><\/strong>MG<\/span><\/strong>) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0642\u064a\u0645(\u2206<\/span><\/strong>G<\/span><\/strong>)  \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f 293<\/span><\/strong>K<\/span><\/strong> \u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d (\u0642\u0641\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632) \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646 <\/span><\/strong>\u3016<\/span><\/strong>\u2206<\/span><\/strong>G<\/span><\/strong>\u3017<\/span><\/strong>_0<\/span><\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 <\/span><\/strong>\u3016<\/span><\/strong>\u2206<\/span><\/strong>G<\/span><\/strong>\u3017<\/span><\/strong>_L<\/span><\/strong> \u0648<\/span><\/strong>\u3016<\/span><\/strong> \u2206<\/span><\/strong>G<\/span><\/strong>\u3017<\/span><\/strong>_H<\/span><\/strong>\u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0634\u0627\u063a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0621. \u062a\u0642\u0644 <\/span><\/strong>\u3016<\/span><\/strong> \u2206<\/span><\/strong>G<\/span><\/strong>\u3017<\/span><\/strong>_H<\/span><\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c  <\/span><\/strong>Henry<\/span><\/strong> \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0646\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u063a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632. <\/p>\n

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<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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 <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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