{"id":2117,"date":"2018-03-13T02:20:59","date_gmt":"2018-03-12T11:20:59","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2018-03-13T02:20:59","modified_gmt":"2018-03-12T11:20:59","slug":"","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/?p=2117","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621"},"content":{"rendered":"
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 <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b    <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0627\u064a\u062a (<\/span><\/strong>B<\/span><\/strong>) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642  \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0627\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 (<\/span><\/strong>MB<\/span><\/strong>) \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0627\u064a\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0627\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 (<\/span><\/strong>MAB<\/span><\/strong>).<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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        \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0635\u0628\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u0648\u062d \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

        \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0648\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0627\u064a\u062a (1 –23.304<\/span><\/strong>kJ . mol<\/span><\/strong>) \u0648 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0627\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 (<\/span><\/strong>mol-1.  9.434 kJ<\/span><\/strong> ) \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0627\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 (2.576 <\/span><\/strong>kJ . mol-1<\/span><\/strong>  ) \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629  .<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

        \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0632\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0635\u0628\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0646 (<\/span><\/strong>MAB , MB<\/span><\/strong>)  \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 (<\/span><\/strong>S<\/span><\/strong>) \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 (<\/span><\/strong>Giles<\/span><\/strong>) \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0632\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u0648\u062d \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0629 .\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 <\/span><\/strong>S<\/span><\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 <\/span><\/strong>L<\/span><\/strong> (\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0627\u064a\u062a) \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 318<\/span><\/strong>K<\/span><\/strong> \u060c \u0627\u0630 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 <\/span><\/strong>L<\/span><\/strong> \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0647  \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 .<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

        \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0627\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644  \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0627\u064a\u062a  \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0635\u0628\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0636\u0631 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 . \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a :<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

MAB > MB > B<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

        \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 (318,308,298<\/span><\/strong>K<\/span><\/strong>) \u060c \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0635\u0628\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0627\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0627\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0627\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f  \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 (\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629) .<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

         \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u064a\u0632\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a (\u2206<\/span><\/strong>H<\/span><\/strong>°) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629 (\u2206<\/span><\/strong>G<\/span><\/strong>°) \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0646 (<\/span><\/strong>MAB,MB<\/span><\/strong>) \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0627\u064a\u062a \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a (\u2206<\/span><\/strong>S<\/span><\/strong>°) \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u0648\u062d \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

        \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u060c \u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0635\u0628\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0636\u0631\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u0648\u062d \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0627\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a :<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

MAB > MB > B<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

        \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0623\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 .<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/div>\n


\u0648\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645 .\u062a\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d. <\/strong> <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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