{"id":35724,"date":"2021-02-09T02:09:16","date_gmt":"2021-02-08T23:09:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/?p=35724"},"modified":"2021-02-09T02:09:16","modified_gmt":"2021-02-08T23:09:16","slug":"%d9%82%d8%b3%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%b2%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d9%8a%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%b4-%d8%b1%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a9-%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d8%aa%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%b3-10","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/?p=35724","title":{"rendered":"\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 Ag2Se \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/h4>\n

\"\"<\/span><\/h4>\n

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    \n
  1. \n

    \u0623.\u062f. \u063a\u0635\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f (\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627)<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n
  2. \n

    \u0623.\u062f. \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0637\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u062e\u0636\u064a\u0631 (\u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627)<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n
  3. \n

    \u0645.\u062f. \u0634\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 (\u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627)<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n
  4. \n

    \u0623.\u062f. \u0627\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u062e\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u00a0\u00a0(\u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641\u0627)<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \"\"<\/span><\/h4>\n

    <\/h4>\n

    \u0648\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 :<\/span><\/h4>\n
      \n
    1. \n

      \u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 (Ag2<\/sub>Se) \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n
    2. \n

      \u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0643 500 nm \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u00a0\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u00a0\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u00a0\u0648\u0623\u062e\u0640\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0640\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0640\u0629 \u00a0\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0640\u0629 \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0640\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u00a0 \u0641\u0640\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a .<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n
    3. \n

      \u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629(Ag2<\/sub>Se) \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u00a0 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 ,\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0632\u0645\u0648\u062b ,\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0645\u00a0 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0628 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629\u00a0 2% \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a.<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n
    4. \n

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    5. \n

      \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646\u0629.<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      <\/h4>\n

      \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (Ag2<\/sub>Se) \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0632 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647 (2X10-3<\/sup> mbar) \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u062d\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a (Orthorhombic) .<\/span><\/h4>\n

      \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 (Ag2<\/sub>Se) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a \u0630\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f (111) \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 (P-Type) \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629\u00a0 \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647 (2.07813\u00b1 0.1 nm\/sec) \u0648\u0628\u0633\u0645\u0643 \u00a0\u00a0( 500 \u00b1 20)\u00a0 nm \u060c \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0645\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 (Al, Bi, Sb, and Cd) \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0628 \u00a0\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 (2%) \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a ,\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0648\u0628\u0629 .\u00a0<\/span><\/h4>\n

      \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062d\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0648\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f (013) \u00a0\u0644\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0629\u00a0 \u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u00a0\u00a0 (002)\u00a0\u00a0 \u060c \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 ,\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0632\u0645\u0648\u062b , \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0628.<\/span><\/h4>\n

      \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629 (AFM) \u0641\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0627\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 (Ag2<\/sub>Se)\u00a0 \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0636\u0631. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064b \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647, \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631 SEM \u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062d\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631 AFM .<\/span><\/h4>\n

      \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0646 \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0648\u0628\u0629 , \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u00a0 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d\u00a0\u00a0 \u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635\u062a\u00a0 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0628 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649\u00a0 (2.8-2.4) \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a. \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a (400-800) \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631.<\/span><\/h4>\n

      \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 (DC) \u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637\u00a0 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \ufe81\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0628 \u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628 (N-type) \u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0628 \u0642\u062f \u0639\u0632\u0632\u062a\u00a0 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/h4>\n

      \u00a0 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 (\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631-\u062c\u0647\u062f) \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 (1.53%) \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0645 (0.69).<\/span><\/h4>\n

      \u00a0 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 .<\/span><\/h4>\n

      \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 :\u00a0 :<\/span><\/h4>\n

      1-\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/h4>\n

      2-\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0628.<\/span><\/h4>\n

      3- \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0639\u064a\u0645.<\/span><\/h4>\n

      4- \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633.<\/span><\/h4>\n

      <\/h4>\n

      <\/h4>\n

      <\/h4>\n

      <\/h4>\n

      <\/h4>\n

      <\/h4>\n

      <\/h4>\n

      Department: Physics<\/span><\/h4>\n

      Title of thesis: \u00a0\u00a0<\/sup>Study the Physical Properties of Ag2<\/sub>Se Thin films<\/span><\/h4>\n

      Name: Rana Jamal Mazban\u00a0<\/span><\/h4>\n

      Supervisor<\/span><\/h4>\n

      Prof.Dr. Iman Hameed Khudayer<\/span><\/h4>\n

      <\/h4>\n

      <\/h4>\n

      Abstract: In this study, binary compound Sliver Selenide alloy was prepared from its primary elements with the chemical formula (Ag2<\/sub>Se) by dissolving siliver and selenium materials in a quartz\u00a0 tube of glass which is vacuumed from the air under pressure of (2×10-3<\/sup>) mbar , and when\u00a0 the sample is cooled using the slow cooling method of the fuse , the X-ray diffraction analysis was done on (Ag2<\/sub>Se)\u00a0 alloy powder, it was ascertained that the (Ag2<\/sub>Se)\u00a0 was obtained with a Polycrystalline structure of orthorthombic crystalline system. Ag2<\/sub>Se\u00a0 thin films were deposited on glass substrates to study the structure, optical and electrical properties of the synthetic compound and also on other substrates of pure silicon wafer with monocrystalline crystallization (111) and (P-Type) electrical conductivity , in order to manufacture the solar cells from the material thin films by using thermal evaporation under vacuum method in the room temperature\u00a0 and\u00a0 with a deposition rate of (2.078\u00b10.1) nm \/ sec and with\u00a0 thickness of the films (500 \u00b1 20) nm. Investigated the effect of doping by a different element (Al, Bi, Sb and Cd) with a constant doping ratio 2% by thermal diffusion method, on the thin films and prepared heterojunction solar cell for pure and doping cases.<\/span><\/h4>\n

      The X-ray diffraction pattern results showed that all prepared films (pure and doped one) are polycrystalline structure and have orthorthombic crystal system with preferred orientation along (013) for pure sample and (002) plane for all doped films accompanied that by a clear increase in crystallization and decrease grain size by doping process.<\/span><\/h4>\n

      Furthermore, the atomic force microscopy technique was used to determine the average grain size of the all (Ag2<\/sub>Se) thin film samples, and the surface roughness of the films.<\/span><\/h4>\n

      \u00a0The results of the measurement showed an increase of the surface roughness with a variation of the doping elements according to the above series, which ensure the nano-structure.<\/span><\/h4>\n

      Also the SEM measurements, show that the thin films have nano-structure, agreed with XRD and AFM results.<\/span><\/h4>\n

      The optical measurements results showed that, the optical energy gap for all prepared films was calculated by using the transmittance spectrum as a function of wavelength within the range (200-800) nm, had a direct allowed type and its value had been decrease by doping process to become in the range between (2.8-2.4) eV, the optical constant, has been calculated also.<\/span><\/h4>\n

      The direction\u00a0 conductivity measurements results (DC) showed a decrease in the value of electrical resistivity with doping process, as well as the prepared film have one activation Energies which indicates the existence of one mechanisms for electronic transition , and the values \u200b\u200bof\u00a0 these activation energies has been decreased by the doping process , while the Hall effect measurement results showed that prepared (Ag2<\/sub>Se)\u00a0\u00a0 thin films had (N-type) electrical conductivity and the doping process enhanced the concentration of the majority charge carriers\u00a0<\/span><\/h4>\n

      The (I-V) characteristics measurements results under illumination condition Showed\u00a0 that\u00a0 the\u00a0 solar\u00a0 cells manufactured from\u00a0 the\u00a0 (Ag2<\/sub>Se)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 films\u00a0 has the highest value of conversion efficiency from the Al doped\u00a0 model (1.53), and the lowest one for the Cd doped sample (0.69).<\/span><\/h4>\n

      Besides the solar cell parameter results show that the \u00a0\u00a0Spectral Responsivity and Specific detectivity and life time, belong to the Al doped samples.<\/span><\/h4>\n

      <\/h4>\n

      <\/h4>\n

      <\/h4>\n

      <\/h4>\n

      <\/h4>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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