{"id":38433,"date":"2021-08-26T22:19:07","date_gmt":"2021-08-26T19:19:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/?p=38433"},"modified":"2021-09-02T22:06:13","modified_gmt":"2021-09-02T19:06:13","slug":"%d9%82%d8%b3%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%b2%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d9%8a%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%b4-%d8%b1%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a9-%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%84","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/?p=38433","title":{"rendered":"\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a ZnO \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0646"},"content":{"rendered":"<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-38437\" src=\"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2021\/08\/\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0642-\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2021\/08\/\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0642-\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628-3.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2021\/08\/\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0642-\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628-3-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2021\/08\/\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0642-\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628-3-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2021\/08\/\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0642-\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628-3-600x400.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000080;\">\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641\u0629 (\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062b\u0645) \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0629 (\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u062a\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u2013\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0648 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u2013\u0647\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a ZnO \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0648\u0628\u0629) \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 (\u0623\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0646\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0632\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 (\u0623.\u062f. \u062a\u063a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0634) \u0648\u0646\u0648\u0642\u0634\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a :<\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000080;\">\u0623.\u062f. \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0637\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u062e\u0636\u064a\u0631 (\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627)<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000080;\">\u0623.\u0645.\u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u062b\u062c\u064a\u0644 (\u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627)<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000080;\">\u0645.\u062f. \u0644\u0647\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f (\u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627)<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000080;\">\u0623.\u062f. \u062a\u063a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0634 (\u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641\u0627)<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-38436\" src=\"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2021\/08\/\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0642-\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2021\/08\/\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0642-\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628-2.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2021\/08\/\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0642-\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628-2-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2021\/08\/\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0642-\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2021\/08\/\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0642-\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628-2-600x400.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\u0648\u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a Cr+4 \u0648Ni+2 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u0635\u064a\u0646 ZnO \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0634\u064a\u0631\u0631 \u0648\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a.<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000080;\">\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0642 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u0635\u064a\u0646 ((ZnO \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645Cr+4 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 Ni+2 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u0646\u064a\u0629 (x=0,0.05,0.1,0.15,0.2) \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 Zn0.8CrxNi0.2-xO \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0644-\u062c\u0644 (sol-gel)\u00a0 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629Zn(NO3)2.6H2O \u00a0\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 Cr(NO3)2.6H2O \u0648\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 Ni(NO3)2.6H2O \u00a0\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u00a0C6H8O7.H2O \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627NH3 \u00a0\u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 . \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0628\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646 \u0644\u0625\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 700\u2103 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0645 \u0637\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a.<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000080;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0630 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u0639 \u0642\u0645\u0645 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 (2\u03b8=10\u00b0-80\u00b0) \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0637\u0648\u062d (100)\u060c (002)\u060c (101)\u060c (102)\u060c (110)\u060c (103)\u060c (112), \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 a=3.248\u00c5 \u0648c=5.203\u00c5 \u00a0\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0633\u062f\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b wurtzite \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 P63mc.<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000080;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u064b\u0631\u0627\u062a) \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0631\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646 (17-20nm) \u0648\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u00a0 (Uniform Deformation\u00a0 Model) UDM \u00a0\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646 (19nm-14) \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062fUSDM (Uniform Stress Deformation Model) \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646 (16-19nm)\u0648\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f UDEDM ((Uniform Deformation Energy Density Model) \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u00a0 (16-19nm) \u0648\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 SSP \u00a0\u00a0((Size-Strain Plot Method \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646 (15-19nm).<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000080;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 W-H Williamson-Hall)) \u0648\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 SSP \u00a0\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0631\u0631 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u062a\u064a\u00a0 W-H \u00a0\u0648SSP \u0627\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 .<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000080;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0638 \u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d (112) \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0637\u0623 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d (004) \u0644\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 Z0\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0631\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 Zn0.8Cr0.15Ni0.05O\u00a0 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d (100)\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0644. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 Zn0.8Cr0.15Ni0.05O\u00a0 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062f\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647 31.32nm .<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000080;\">\u0648\u062e\u0644\u0635\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 :<\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000080;\">\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0622\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u0635\u064a\u0646.<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000080;\">\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0622\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a Cr \u0648Ni \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 8CrxNi0.2-XO.<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000080;\">\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 8CrxNi0.2-XO \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/span><\/h4>\n<hr \/>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #993366;\">X-ray Analysis by Size-Strain Plot and Williamson \u2013 Hall Methods of Pure and Doped ZnO Nanoparticles<\/span><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #993366;\">By Ashwaq Talib Nuaman<\/span><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #993366;\">Supervised by prof.Dr. Tagreed Muslim Maruoosh<\/span><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #993366;\">The aim of the research<\/span><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #993366;\">Studying the effect of grafting with Cr+4 and Ni+2 ions on the structural properties of the zinc oxide compound ZnO prepared by the spontaneous combustion sol-gel method for the purpose of obtaining nanoparticles, and analyzing the X-radiation spectrum through Scherrer and Williamson-Hall equations to calculate the crystal sizes of the crystals, the strain and the stresses they are exposed to. Crystal structure and energy density calculation and other parameters<\/span><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #993366;\">Abstract<\/span><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #993366;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 In this study, pure ZnO nano powder was doped with Cr+4, Ni+2 ions in weight ratios (x =0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) of the compound<\/span><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #993366;\">\u00a0Zn0.8CrxNi0.2-xO by the sol-gel method. The preparation was done using zinc nitrate, chromium nitrate, nickel nitrate, citric acid, and ammonia in appropriate weight ratios. After the process of mixing the materials, evaporating the water, and burning them, the powder was collected,\u00a0 and entered into the oven to complete the burning process. This process lasted for two hours and at a temperature of 700 C. Then the powder was ground to get rid of the agglomerations obtain the nanopowder\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #993366;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0An analysis of the results of the X-ray examinations was performed where diffraction patterns were observed for all samples showing seven peaks within the range (2\u03b8 = 10 \u00b0 -80 \u00b0) and for planes (100), (002), (101), (102), (110), (103).\u00a0 (112). The lattice parameters, which ranged between a = 3.248\u00c5 and c = 5.203\u00c5, were determined and the type of the structure. As the results indicated that, the compound has a wurtzite phase and belongs to the space group P63mc\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #993366;\">The crystal size was calculated by the Scherer method, where its value ranged between (20-17nm) and by the Williamson Hall method, which includes the Uniform Deformation Model (UDM) and its amount ranges between (14-19 nm), and the USDM standardized stress deformation model. The Uniform Stress Deformation MODEL ranges between (16-19nm) and the Uniform Deformation Energy Density Model (UDEDM), and its amount ranges between (16nm) and the SSP Size-Strain Plot Method, and its amount ranges between (19-15nm).\u00a0 It was found that the crystal size by the W-H method and the SSP method is less than the crystal size calculated by the Scherer method because the W-H and SSP methods took into account the internal stress to which the lattice is exposed\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #993366;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The texture factor was also calculated for all samples and for all planes, where it was observed that there is a preferred orientation for plane growth (112) and lowest plane growth (004) for sample Z0. The of dislocation density was also calculated for all samples, where it was found that the largest dislocation density was obtained for the samples calculated in a Scherer analysis for Zn0.8Cr0.15Ni0.05O at the plane (100), as well as for samples calculated by the Williamson Hall method. A field-emitting electron microscope was also used to image of the Z4 sample, as it was found that the shape of the grains appeared to be spherical or semi-spherical and a few of them were hexagonal, and the average grain\u00a0 size calculated and it was in the range of 31.32nm\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #993366;\">Recommendations<\/span><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #993366;\">&#8211; Studying the effect of doping with other ions on the crystal structure of zinc oxide<\/span><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #993366;\">&#8211; Studying the effect of Cr and Ni ions on the magnetic properties of Zn0.8CrxNi0.2-xO<\/span><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #993366;\">&#8211; Study of the electrical and optical properties of Zn0.8CrxNi0.2-xO nanocomposite prepared by spontaneous combustion method<\/span><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641\u0629 (\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062b\u0645) \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0629 (\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0639\u0629&#8230;.<a class=\"cz_readmore\" href=\"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/?p=38433\"><i class=\"fa fa-angle-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":25,"featured_media":38435,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"no","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[7,59,16],"tags":[23,46],"class_list":["post-38433","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-7","category-59","category-16","tag-ihcoedu","tag-phys"],"modified_by":"ihcoedu","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38433","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/25"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=38433"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38433\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/38435"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=38433"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=38433"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=38433"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}