![\"\"](\"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2022\/12\/\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629-\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631-\u0639\u0628\u062f-\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631-\u0639\u0628\u062f-\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0641\u0648\u0631-2.jpg\")
<\/strong><\/p>\n\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641\u0629 (\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062b\u0645) \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0629 ” \u0627\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 ” \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 ” \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0641\u0648\u0631 ” \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0632\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 ” \u0623.\u0645.\u062f. \u0633\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f ” \u0648\u0646\u0648\u0642\u0634\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u00a0\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a :<\/strong><\/p>\n \u062a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064b \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u064a\u0632\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0632 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u00a0\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0629 . \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a :-<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641\u0629 (\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062b\u0645) \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0629 ” \u0627\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627….<\/i>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":25,"featured_media":47297,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"no","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[44,7,59,98,85,79,16],"tags":[23,47],"class_list":["post-47293","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-44","category-7","category-59","category-98","category-85","category-chem-dept","category-16","tag-ihcoedu","tag-chem"],"modified_by":"ihcoedu","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/47293","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/25"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=47293"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/47293\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/47297"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=47293"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=47293"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=47293"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2022\/12\/\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629-\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631-\u0639\u0628\u062f-\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631-\u0639\u0628\u062f-\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0641\u0648\u0631-1.jpg\")
\u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 :\u200f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n
\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629 AFM \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u0647\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0630\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0643\u0627\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0642\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0630\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0646 60nm \u060c \u0642\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636 25nm \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0643\u0627\u064a\u062a 20nm .<\/strong><\/h4>\n
\n
\u0628\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 ( \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0630\u0628\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0630\u0628\u0629 \u060c \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a \u060c \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a ) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0635\u0628\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0630\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0637\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0632 (qe<\/sub>) \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u062b\u0648\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629\u00a0 (K2<\/sub>) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 ( R2<\/sup>) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u06401 \u0627\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647 .<\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n
\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 Ea \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u062b\u0648\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0630\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d AT \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a kJ\/mol 0846 \u0648 \u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d EPP \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a kJ\/mol62570. \u0648 \u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d ES \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a kJ\/mol5.0229 .<\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n
\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 K(298,308,318) \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0638 \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 .<\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n
\u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u064a\u0632\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 Temkin ,Freundlich ,Langmuir \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0634 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0646 (AT,EPP) \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d ES \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0646 (AT,EPP) \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d ES .<\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n
\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u064a\u0632\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a (EPP>ES>AT) \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0635\u0628\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0637\u062d EPP \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0637\u062d ES \u062b\u0645 AT .<\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n
\u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0394H \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0637\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a ( -20.8598 kJ\/mol) \u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d AT \u00a0\u0648-22.5093 kJ\/mol) ) \u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d EPP \u0648 kJ\/mol) (-4.7685 \u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d ES \u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629\u00a0 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0394S\u00b0 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0-56.9974J\/mol.K)) \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d AT \u0648 -67.3209J\/mol.K)) \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d EPP \u0648\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ( -11.5100J\/mol.K ) \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d ES \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a ( \u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 ) \u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0394G\u00b0 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0637\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0-3.7949,-3.4762 kJ\/mol),(- 2.6439 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d AT\u00a0 \u0648 -2.5910 kJ\/mol) -1.4681, \u00a0(-1.2646,\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d EPP \u0648 -1.3486 kJ\/mol) -1.2021, -1.1198,) \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d ES \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 .<\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n
\u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u062d \u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 (%R) \u0635\u0628\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641.<\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
\n
\n
\n<\/li>\nRemove one of the organic pollutants \u200efrom its water solutions by using \u200eenvironmentally friendly materials<\/span><\/h3>\n
By Hareer\u00a0 A.Abdulghafoor<\/span><\/h3>\n
Supervised by Asst.prof.Dr.Suhad Shakir Mohammed<\/span><\/h3>\n
This study aimed to remove Methyl orange from its aqueous solution using environmentally friendly surfaces (AT), eggplant peels (EPP) and eggshells (ES), which are abundantly available in Iraq, and to study the ability and efficiency of these surfaces to remove pollutants from The water obtained due to the presence of the dye. The UV-visible spectrometer was used to determine the amount of adsorbate material on the above-mentioned adsorbent surfaces. The kinetics and isotherms of the adsorption process were studied under the influence of various factors such as temperature, equilibrium time, adsorbing surface weight, ionic strength, and concentration. Primary contaminated dye. The results were the following<\/span><\/h3>\n
The results of examining the adsorption surfaces by atomic force microscope AFM represented by the diameter of the particles and the height of the top of the dye adsorbent granule showed that the best surface prepared for adsorption was the eggplant peels due to the availability of an adsorbent substance more than the eggshells and the Attapulgite and it was equal to the surface of the eggplant peels 60nm, eggshells 25nm, Attapulgite 20n.<\/span><\/h3>\n
By applying the adsorption kinetic models (PFO, PSO, Elovich kinetic model, implicit diffusion model) to the adsorbent surfaces under study for the adsorption of methyl orange dye, the applicability of the false second order model to the adsorption process at different temperatures for the three surfaces used was shown by following the values of The theoretical and practical quantities of adsorbate on the adsorbent surface (qe) and the values of order rate constants (K2) in addition to the values of correlation coefficients (R2) which were equal to or very close to 1.<\/span><\/h3>\n
The results of the activation energy values Ea calculated through the values of the pseudo-second order rate constants showed that the adsorption process is a physical process as the activation energy for AT surface equals (4.0846) kJ\/mol, for EPP surface equals (0.6257) kJ\/mol and for ES surface equals (5.0229) kJ\/mol.<\/span><\/h3>\n
By studying the effect of temperature on the adsorption process, it was found that the process is exothermic, through the use of three different temperatures (298,308,318)K . A decrease in the amount of the adsorbate material was observed on the adsorbent surface with increasing temperatures<\/span><\/h3>\n
The study of the adsorption process isotherms of the three models Temkin, Freundlich and Langmuir showed the applicability of Freundlich model at the three surfaces under this study. To a lesser extent, the Langmuir model for the two surfaces (AT,EPP) and the non-applicability of the model for the ES surface, in addition to the applicability of the Temkin model for the two surfaces (AT,EPP). And its partial fit with the ES surface.<\/span><\/h3>\n
The values of adsorption heat calculated using the Temkin isotherm model showed the following order of adsorption process (EPP>ES>AT), meaning that the bonding of methyl orange dye to the surface of EPP is stronger than its bond to the surface of ES and then AT<\/span><\/h3>\n
The thermodynamic functions of the adsorption process were calculated and the results showed the negative enthalpy values \u0394H\u00b0\u00a0 for the three surfaces used in this study, which was equal to (-20.8598) kJ\/mol for the AT surface and (-22.5093 )kJ\/mol for the EPP surface and (- 4.7685) kJ\/mol for the ES surface The adsorption process is exothermic, the negative entropy values \u0394S\u00b0 which is (-56.9974)J\/mol.K for the AT surface and (-67.3209)J\/mol.K for the EPP surface and (-11.5100) J\/mol.K for the ES surface at The decrease in entropy, as for the negative values of gibbs free energy \u0394G\u00b0 for the three surfaces at different temperatures indicate the spontaneous occurrence of adsorption.<\/span><\/h3>\n
The results of studying the effect of ionic strength by adding sodium chloride salt to the three surfaces showed an increase in the percentage of % Removal of methyl orange dye from its aqueous solution by increasing the concentration of the added salt<\/span><\/h3>\n
Through the statistical study to analyze the error rate using two models (EAS, SSE) to find out the best isotherm model that was used in this study, where the results were consistent with the calculated data for the three isotherm models (Temkin, Freundlich, Langmuir) and the error sum model SSE was the model Most suitable for study<\/span><\/h3>\n
\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"