![\"\"](\"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2023\/01\/\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629-\u0639\u0644\u064a-\u0639\u0628\u062f-\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647-\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f-\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631-\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621-1-Copy.jpg\")
<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641\u0629 (\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062b\u0645) \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0629 ” \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 Cu2S \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 ” \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 ” \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f ” \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 ” \u0623.\u062f. \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n
\u0648\u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0649 :<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 (Cu2S) \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 (Cu) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a (S) \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 (1: 2) \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0632 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u063a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0636\u063a\u0637\u00a0 2\u00d710-3 mbar)). \u0648\u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628 \u00a0\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f (220).<\/p>\n
\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 (Cu2S) \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 3% \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631( Al \u060c Sb \u060c Bi ) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0633\u0645\u0643 (400 )\u00b120nm \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628 (1.1\u00b10.1) nm sec-1\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u00a0 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 573K\u0648\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n
\u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062d\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 (Cu2S) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f (220) \u0648\u0627\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a. \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0629 (AFM) \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0628\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u064a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646.\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 (FE-SEM) \u062a\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0636\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n
\u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 (Cu2S) \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064anm (700-400). \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c\u00a0 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0645\u0646 (2.25 eV) \u0625\u0644\u0649 (1.4 eV) \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 Al \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062f\u0646 573 K \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645: \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0628\u062c\u0632\u0623\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0643\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0640\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0640\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 (P-type)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n
\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0629 (p-Cu2S\/n-Si)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0648 (p-Cu2S:Sb\/n-Si) \u0648 (p-Cu2S:Bi\/n-Si)\u00a0\u00a0 \u0648 \u00a0(p-Cu2S:Al\/n-Si)\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 (111) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 (n-type) \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647.<\/p>\n
\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 (\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631-\u062c\u0647\u062f) \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646\u00a0 \u00a0(p-Cu2S:3%Al\/n-Si) \u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 573K \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629\u00a0 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u03b7=3.402%)<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n
\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 (P- Cu2S \/n-CdS) \u0623\u0648 (P- Cu2S \/n-ZnO) \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647.<\/p>\n
Influence of Annealing and doping on the properties of Cu2S thin films for solar cell application<\/span><\/p>\n By Ali Abdulla Hamid<\/span><\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Supervised by prof.Dr.Bushra Khadum Hasoon<\/span><\/p>\n Aim of research<\/span><\/p>\n – Preparation of the Cu2S alloy from its primary elements for the purpose of obtaining thin films from it using the vacuum thermal evaporation method and studying its structural, optical and electrical properties.<\/span><\/p>\n – The effect of doping with different materials (Sb, Bi, Al) at a rate of 3% on the properties of the films prepared before and after annealing.<\/span><\/p>\n – Investigating the use of the prepared films prepared on silicon for solar cell applications<\/span><\/p>\n Abstract\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n In this research (Cu2S) alloy prepared of elements Copper (Cu) and sulfur (S) percentages by weight (2:1) by melting them in a evacuated quartz tube (2\u00d710-3 mbar). XRD analysis show that alloy prepared (powder) is polycrystalline of cubic type<\/span><\/p>\n (Cu2S) film pure and doped by (Sb, Bi,Al) with ratio 3% were deposited of (400\u00b120) nm thickness by thermal evaporation technique at R.T. with deposition rate (1.1\u00b10.1) nm sec-1on glass substrate to study structural, optical and electrical properties before and after annealing at 573K for one hour, and on single crystal silicon substrate to fabrication solar cells.<\/span><\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The results of X-Ray diffraction have showed that the film of (Cu2S) are polycrystalline of cubic type structure, with preferential orientation (220) . The crystallize size increases after doping.<\/span><\/p>\n \u00a0 AFM techniques was used to studying the effect of doping and annealing on\u00a0 morphology and estimate the surface roughness, the results show that the grain size increase after doping and annealing which lead to decrease the grain boundary. The effect of doping and annealing on surface structure of the films was observed by FE-SEM results.<\/span><\/p>\n Optical measurement show that (Cu2S) films have high absorption in the range of wave length (400-700 nm), the optical energy gap for allowed direct transition were calculated, which decreases after doping and annealing, so it decreases from (2.25 eV) to (1.4 eV) for sample doping with Al and annealing at 573K. Also the optical constants were calculated as a function of photon energy.<\/span><\/p>\n Electrical properties measurements for (Cu2S) films show from Hall Effect that all films were (p-type), the conductivity and concentration of the charge carriers increases while Hall coefficient decrease after doping and annealing.<\/span><\/p>\n In this research solar cells were fabricated from (p-Cu2S\/n-Si),\u00a0\u00a0 (p-Cu2S:Sb\/n-Si), (p-Cu2S:Bi\/n-Si)and\u00a0 (p-Cu2S:Al\/n-Si) hetero junction\u00a0 which prepared on (n-type) single crystal silicon substrate with orientation (111) before and after annealing.<\/span><\/p>\n The current-voltage characterization under illumination found that the solar cell which (p-Cu2S:3%Al\/n-Si) hetero junction annealing at 573K compared to other cells, have higher efficiency, and the efficiency (\u03b7) value is (\u03b7 =3.402%).<\/span><\/p>\n Suggestions:<\/span><\/p>\n .1 Studying the effect of doping with other materials such as (In, Zn, Cu, Cd) on the physical properties of (Cu2S) film, and studying the effect of this doping on the efficiency of the solar cell.<\/span><\/p>\n \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641\u0629 (\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062b\u0645) \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0629 ” \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629….<\/i>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":25,"featured_media":47489,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"no","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[44,7,59,68,98,78,16],"tags":[23,61,46],"class_list":["post-47486","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-44","category-7","category-59","category-68","category-98","category-phys-dept","category-16","tag-ihcoedu","tag-61","tag-phys"],"modified_by":"ihcoedu","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/47486","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/25"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=47486"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/47486\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/47489"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=47486"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=47486"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=47486"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}\n